Description
Valtimo is an open source business process and case management platform. When opening a form in Valtimo, the access token (JWT) of the user is exposed to `api.form.io` via the the `x-jwt-token` header. An attacker can retrieve personal information from this token, or use it to execute requests to the Valtimo REST API on behalf of the logged-in user. This issue is caused by a misconfiguration of the Form.io component. The following conditions have to be met in order to perform this attack: An attacker needs to have access to the network traffic on the `api.form.io` domain; the content of the `x-jwt-token` header is logged or otherwise available to the attacker; an attacker needs to have network access to the Valtimo API; and an attacker needs to act within the time-to-live of the access token. The default TTL in Keycloak is 5 minutes. Versions 10.8.4, 11.1.6 and 11.2.2 have been patched.
EPSS Score:
1%
Comprehensive Technical Analysis of EUVD-2024-1859
1. Vulnerability Assessment and Severity Evaluation
Vulnerability Description:
The vulnerability in Valtimo, an open-source business process and case management platform, involves the exposure of a user's access token (JWT) to api.form.io via the x-jwt-token header. This exposure can allow an attacker to retrieve personal information from the token or execute requests to the Valtimo REST API on behalf of the logged-in user.
Severity Evaluation:
- Base Score: 9.8 (CVSS:3.1)
- Base Score Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
The high base score indicates a critical vulnerability due to the following factors:
- Attack Vector (AV:N): Network-based attack.
- Attack Complexity (AC:L): Low complexity required to exploit.
- Privileges Required (PR:N): No privileges required.
- User Interaction (UI:N): No user interaction required.
- Scope (S:U): Unchanged.
- Confidentiality (C:H), Integrity (I:H), Availability (A:H): High impact on all three.
2. Potential Attack Vectors and Exploitation Methods
Attack Vectors:
- Network Traffic Interception: An attacker with access to the network traffic on the
api.form.iodomain can capture thex-jwt-tokenheader. - Logged Data Exposure: If the content of the
x-jwt-tokenheader is logged or otherwise available, an attacker can retrieve it from logs. - Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: An attacker can intercept the token during transmission.
Exploitation Methods:
- Token Theft: Once the token is captured, the attacker can decode it to retrieve personal information.
- API Abuse: The attacker can use the stolen token to execute requests to the Valtimo REST API, impersonating the logged-in user.
3. Affected Systems and Software Versions
Affected Versions:
- Valtimo frontend libraries versions:
- < 10.8.4
- 11.2.0, < 11.2.2
- 11.0.0, < 11.1.6
Patched Versions:
- 10.8.4
- 11.1.6
- 11.2.2
4. Recommended Mitigation Strategies
- Update Software: Ensure that all instances of Valtimo are updated to the patched versions (10.8.4, 11.1.6, 11.2.2).
- Network Security: Implement robust network security measures to prevent unauthorized access to network traffic.
- Logging Practices: Ensure that sensitive information, such as JWT tokens, is not logged.
- Token Management: Reduce the time-to-live (TTL) of JWT tokens to minimize the window of opportunity for attackers.
- Monitoring and Alerts: Implement monitoring and alerting systems to detect and respond to suspicious activities related to JWT tokens.
5. Impact on European Cybersecurity Landscape
The vulnerability poses a significant risk to organizations using Valtimo, particularly those handling sensitive data. The exposure of JWT tokens can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, and potential compliance violations under regulations such as GDPR. The high severity score underscores the need for immediate attention and remediation to protect user data and maintain trust in digital services.
6. Technical Details for Security Professionals
Technical Overview:
- Component Involved: Form.io component within Valtimo.
- Misconfiguration: The misconfiguration leads to the exposure of the JWT token in the
x-jwt-tokenheader. - Token Structure: JWT tokens typically contain user information and are signed to ensure integrity.
- Exploitation Window: The default TTL for JWT tokens in Keycloak is 5 minutes, providing a limited but critical window for exploitation.
Detection and Response:
- Detection: Use intrusion detection systems (IDS) and security information and event management (SIEM) systems to monitor for unusual API requests and token usage.
- Response: Implement incident response plans to quickly identify and mitigate any unauthorized access or data breaches.
Preventive Measures:
- Secure Coding Practices: Ensure that all components handling sensitive data follow secure coding practices.
- Regular Audits: Conduct regular security audits and vulnerability assessments to identify and address potential misconfigurations.
References:
By addressing this vulnerability promptly and comprehensively, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches, thereby enhancing their overall cybersecurity posture.